FindMoleculeSubstructure fails on SMARTS MoleculePattern, but MoleculePlot is OK?

Question

Background Info: SMARTS is a convention for specifying molecular patterns. It is supported by Mathematica 12's MoleculePattern function.

Problem Setup: Consider MoleculePattern["[!#6;!#1;!H0]"]] This means "match atoms that are not carbon and not hydrogen and have more than zero hydrogens attached."

What seems to work OK: The Molecule["CNO"] has two atoms satisfying that pattern, and indeed, MoleculePlot correctly highlights both the nitrogen and oxygen atoms:

MoleculePlot[
 Molecule["CNO"],
 MoleculePattern["[!#6;!#1;!H0]"]]

What seems to be a problem: FindMoleculeSubstructure does not find both atoms; it incorrectly only finds the nitrogen (atom 2) but not the oxygen:

FindMoleculeSubstructure[
 Molecule["CNO"],
 MoleculePattern["[!#6;!#1;!H0]"]]

{<|1 -> 2|>}

(the returned association means "pattern 1 matched by atom 2 in the molecule)

Updated: I think this is an error with the arguments/documentation for FindMoleculeSubstructure. The documentation says that providing no third argument searches for all matches, but if I add the third argument, then I find the correct number of matches. For example:

FindMoleculeSubstructure[
 Molecule["CNO"],
 MoleculePattern["[!#6;!#1;!H0]"],
 10]

{<|1 -> 2|>, <|1 -> 3|>}

(which is correct)

Gratuitous additional examples: This appears to occurs with other MoleculePattern types. The exact same type of problem (two matches correctly found with MoleculePlot, but only one found with FindMoleculeSubstructure) also occurs with MoleculePattern["[C;H3,H4]"]] for Molecule["CCC"], as well as the same "fix".

Answer 1

FindMoleculeSubstructure is modeled after FindGraphIsomorphism, and by default returns only a single match. The third argument controls how many mappings are returned.

In[14]:= FindMoleculeSubstructure[
    Molecule @ "CNO", 
    MoleculePattern @ "[!#6;!#1;!H0]", 
    All
]

Out[14]= {<|1 -> 2|>, <|1 -> 3|>}

n has to have a default value, it can't be $\infty$ because you can easily ask for matches on a very general pattern and get way too many back.

In[12]:= Length@
 FindMoleculeSubstructure[
  Molecule[Entity["Chemical", "FullereneC60"]], 
  MoleculePattern["*.*.*"], All]

Out[12]= 34220