As acl points out, this post shows you how to setup error highlighting for invalid number of arguments. Coming to the actual error messages used, there are three built-in messages attached to General, that can be used for your own functions as well. These are argx, argrx and argt:

General::argx
(* "`1` called with `2` arguments; 1 argument is expected." *)

General::argrx
(* "`1` called with `2` arguments; `3` arguments are expected." *)

General::argt
(* "`1` called with `2` arguments; `3` or `4` arguments are expected." *)

You can attach these messages to your own functions (any message defined for General can be used for any other symbol) like in the following example (shown only for argx):

ClearAll@f
SyntaxInformation[f] = {"ArgumentsPattern" -> {_}};
f[1] := True
f[_] := False
f[_, x__] := Message[f::argx, "f", Length@{x} + 1]

As acl points out, this post shows you how to setup error highlighting for invalid number of arguments. Coming to the actual error messages used, there are three built-in messages attached to General, that can be used for your own functions as well. These are argx, argrx and argt:

General::argx
(* "`1` called with `2` arguments; 1 argument is expected." *)

General::argrx
(* "`1` called with `2` arguments; `3` arguments are expected." *)

General::argt
(* "`1` called with `2` arguments; `3` or `4` arguments are expected." *)

You can attach these messages to your own functions (any message defined for General can be used for any other symbol) like in the following example (shown only for argx):

ClearAll@f
SyntaxInformation[f] = {"ArgumentsPattern" -> {_}};
f[1] := True
f[_] := False
f[_, x__] := Message[f::argx, "f", Length@{x} + 1]