pp = ParametricPlot[{Sin@x, .3 Log@(x^2)}, {x, 0, 10},
Mesh -> {Subdivide[0, 10, 20]},
MeshStyle -> Directive[ColorData[97]@1, PointSize[Large]]];PointSize[Large]];
points = Cases[Normal[pp], Point[x_] :> x, ∞];
Show[pp, ListPlot[Callout[#, #2] & @@@
Transpose[{SortBy[points, Last], N @ Rest@Subdivide[0, 10, 20]}]],
ImageSize -> 400]
Also
ParametricPlot[{Sin@x, .3 Log@(x^2)}, {x, 0, 10},
Epilog -> ListPlot[Callout[{##2}, #] & @@@
Table[N@{x, Sin@x, .3 Log @ (x^2)}, {x, Subdivide[0, 10, 20]}],
PlotStyle -> PointSize[Large]][[1]]]