EDIT 2: Defining the integration of R as a function outside the NDsolve-block also seems to work.
(*DEFINE ALL THE CONSTANTS*)
Clear[ΩR, αS, κR, κS, γR, sar, c0];
ω0 = 2*Pi*2.99792458*10^8/(1.55*10^(-6)); (*optical frequency in Hz*)
c0 = 2.99792458*10^8; (*speed of light in vacuum*)
ΩR = 2*Pi*5.611*10^6; (*mechanical frequency in Hz*)
γR = 2*Pi*400; (*damping rate/linewidth in Hz*)
κS = -219.666*0.1; (*coupling rate*)
κR = κS*((c0*ΩR)/ω0) (*coupling rate*)
R[t_, P_, S_] := I κR Exp[-γR*t/2]* Integrate[P*Conjugate[S]*Exp[γR*d/2], {d, 0, t}]
(*SET UP PDEs TO SOLVE*)
Clear[sP, sSt, eqs, vars, bcs];
eqs = {{D[sP[z, t], z] ==
I κS*(R[t, sP[z, t], sSt[z, t]])*sSt[z, t]}, {D[sSt[z, t],
z] == I κS*Conjugate[R[t, sP[z, t], sSt[z, t]]]*sP[z, t]}}
vars = {sP[z, t],sSt[z, t]};(*variables to solve for*)
bcs = {sP[0, t] == Sqrt[0.9], sSt[0, t] == Sqrt[0.1]};(*boundary conditions for input fields at z=0*);
sol = NDSolve[{eqs, bcs}, vars, {t, 0, 0.003}, {z, 0, 0.1}]
(* GENERATE PLOTS *)
DensityPlot[sP[z, t]^2 /. sol, {t, 0, 0.003}, {z, 0, 0.1},
ColorFunction -> "Rainbow",
FrameLabel -> {"Time (s)", "Propagation distance (m)"},
PlotRange -> All, PlotLegends -> Automatic, PlotPoints -> 80]
DensityPlot[sSt[z, t]^2 /. sol, {t, 0, 0.003}, {z, 0, 0.1},
ColorFunction -> "Rainbow",
FrameLabel -> {"Time (s)", "Propagation distance (m)"},
PlotRange -> All, PlotLegends -> Automatic, PlotPoints -> 80]
DensityPlot[
Abs[R[t, sP[z, t], sSt[z, t]]] /. sol, {t, 0, 0.003}, {z, 0, 0.1},
ColorFunction -> "Rainbow",
FrameLabel -> {"Time (s)", "Propagation distance (m)"},
PlotRange -> All, PlotLegends -> Automatic, PlotPoints -> 40]