wd = WeatherData["SanDiego", "Temperature", {"Jan. 1, 2014", "Aug. 1, 2014", "Day"}];

    (*   for version 10+ evaluate:  wd = wd // Normal // QuantityMagnitude;   *)

    sundays = Pick[wd[[All, 1]], DayName /@ wd[[All, 1]], Sunday];
    wednesdays = Pick[wd[[All, 1]], DayName /@ wd[[All, 1]], Wednesday];

`Ticks` at Wednesday noon:

    ticks = MapIndexed[{AbsoluteTime[#] + 60 60 12, 
         Rotate["Week " <> ToString[First@#2], Pi/2]} &, wednesdays];

    DateListPlot[wd, BaseStyle -> Thick, AspectRatio -> 1/4,
     FrameTicks -> {ticks, Automatic, None, None}, 
     GridLines -> {sundays, None}, ImageSize -> 900, Joined -> True]
![enter image description here][1]

**Update:**

You can also use `DayMatchQ` instead of `DayName[#]==...`:

    Pick[wd[[All, 1]], DayMatchQ[#, Wednesday] & /@ wd[[All, 1]]] == wednesdays
    (* True *)

Use different colors for different weeks:

    wd = WeatherData["Kirkland", "Temperature", {"Jan. 1, 2014", "Aug. 1, 2014", "Day"}];
    wd2 = wd /. {x_, y_} /; DayMatchQ[x, Sunday] :> Sequence[{x, y}, {x, y}];
    wd2b = Split[wd2, ! (DayMatchQ[#[[1]], Sunday] && DayMatchQ[#2[[1]], Sunday]) &];
    DateListPlot[wd2b, BaseStyle -> Thick, AspectRatio -> 1/4, 
     FrameTicks -> {ticks, Automatic, None, None}, GridLines -> {sundays, None},
     ImageSize -> 900, Joined -> True, Filling -> Bottom]
![enter image description here][2]


  [1]: https://i.sstatic.net/oGE6y.png
  [2]: https://i.sstatic.net/6HIzn.png