Here is a proof-of-concept for doing this on Linux (and maybe Mac). I've looked around and I haven't seen any previous example of how to do this in MMA. Perhaps the comments will enlighten me as to prior work.

The function below accepts a function `f: Any -> Graphics` together with a list of values `times`. It spawns an `ffmpeg` subprocess (`ffmpeg` should be on the path), and then proceeds to loop over the values in `times`. For each value, it calls `f` to generate a frame, which it then rasterizes and feeds to the `ffmpeg` process via a fifo/named pipe.
This way, there's at most one frame in memory at a time.
When all frames have been fed to `ffmpeg`, the fifo is closed, which signals ffmpeg to conclude its business.

The code currently suffers from some shortcomings:
1. It's been tested on linux only. It may work as-is on Mac. It does not work as-is on windows.
2. It's significantly slower than it needs to be. The bottleneck **should** be ffmpeg, but it looks like the Mathematica code is starving ffmpeg instead. That code could be parallelized to make use of multiple cores for a noticeable improvement in performance.
3. The encoding parameters are of course (endlessly) debatable. I prefer to force periodic keyframes because although it makes the file substantially larger, it facilitates "scrubbing" using my media player. Which I tend to do a lot with technical animation.

If you have the skills and interest, I encourage you to whip this code into shape and share it with the community.
Please, don't forget the progress indicator -- It's the least important thing and what I miss most.


My thanks to [1] for guidance.
 
[1] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51903888/is-it-possible-to-send-ffmpeg-images-by-using-pipe

### Implementation
```mathematica
writeFrames[frameGraphicFun_, times_, outputFile_, rasterWidth_, 
  fps_ : 24, keyframeInterval_ : 24, videoBitrate_ : "2500k"] := 
 Block[{
   fifoName = 
    FileNameJoin[{$TemporaryDirectory, "fifo." <> CreateUUID[]}],
   rasterHeight = 
    ImageAspectRatio[frameGraphicFun[times[[1]]]]*rasterWidth // N // 
     Ceiling,
   templateCtx,
   templateBody,
   stdout, cmd, process, bst, i = 1
   },
  templateCtx =
   <|
    "width" -> ToString[rasterWidth],
     "height" -> ToString[rasterHeight],
    "fps" -> ToString[fps],
    "fifoName" -> fifoName,
    "keyframeInterval" -> keyframeInterval,
    "videoBitrate" -> videoBitrate
    |>;
  templateBody = 
   "ffmpeg -hide_banner -nostats -loglevel 24 -y -f rawvideo -pix_fmt \
rgb24 -s `width`x`height` -r `fps` -i `fifoName` -c:v libx264 -b:v \
`videoBitrate` -x264-params keyint=`keyframeInterval` -an";
  RunProcess[{"mkfifo", fifoName}];
  WithCleanup[
   cmd = (TemplateApply[templateBody, templateCtx] // StringSplit)~
     Join~{outputFile}; 
   process = StartProcess[cmd]; 
   bst = OpenWrite[fifoName, BinaryFormat -> True];
    
   temp = 
    PrintTemporary[
     "Encoding Frame " <> ToString[i] <> "/" <> 
      ToString[Length[times]]];
   Scan[(
      NotebookDelete[temp];
      temp = 
       PrintTemporary[
        "Encoding Frame " <> ToString[i++] <> "/" <> 
         ToString[Length[times]]];
      BinaryWrite[bst, 
       ImageData[
        Rasterize[frameGraphicFun[#], 
         RasterSize -> {rasterWidth, rasterHeight}], "Byte"]];
      
      ) &, times];
   NotebookDelete[temp];
   ProcessStatus[process];
   ,
   Close[bst], RunProcess[{"rm", fifoName}]];
  While[ProcessStatus[process] == "Running", 
   PrintTemporary[
    "Waiting for ffmpeg to return... " <> ProcessStatus[process]]; 
   Pause[1]];
   ReadString[ProcessConnection[process, "StandardError"]]
  ]
```
### Usage

```mathematica
generateFrameGraphic[t_] := 
 Plot[Sin[x t], {x, 0, 2 \[Pi]}, PlotRange -> {-2, 2}];

Block[{fps = 24, duration = 5, tStart = 0, tEnd = 1, videoWidth = 640,
   times},
 times = Range[tStart, tEnd, (tEnd - tStart)/(duration*fps)];
 writeFrames[generateFrameGraphic, times, "sinAnimation.mp4", 
  videoWidth, fps]
]
```