I'm trying to compare the unit normal definition in calculus texts (i.e., $\vec N=\vec T'/||\vec T'||$) where $\vec T$ is the unit tangent vector, with the unit normal vector returned by the FrenetSerretSystem. Using the calculus definition, this works: Manipulate[ Module[{r, unitT, unitN}, r[x_] = {x, Sin[x]}; unitT[x_] = r'[x]/Sqrt[r'[x].r'[x]]; unitN[x_] = unitT'[x]/Sqrt[unitT'[x].unitT'[x]]; ParametricPlot[r[x], {x, 0, 2 Pi}, Epilog -> { Orange, Thick, Arrow[{r[tt], r[tt] + unitN[tt]}], Red, PointSize[Large], Point[r[tt]] }, PlotRange -> {{0, 2 Pi}, {-4, 4}}]], {tt, 0.01, 2 Pi - 0.01}] But trying the FrenetSerretSystem, this doesn't. Manipulate[ Module[{r, unitT, unitN, sys}, r[x_] = {x, Sin[x]}; sys = FrenetSerretSystem[r[x], x]; unitT[x_] = sys[[2, 1]]; unitN[x_] = sys[[2, 2]]; ParametricPlot[r[x], {x, 0, 2 Pi}, Epilog -> { Orange, Thick, Arrow[{r[tt], r[tt] + unitN[tt]}], Red, PointSize[Large], Point[r[tt]] }, PlotRange -> {{0, 2 Pi}, {-4, 4}}] ], {tt, 0.01, 2 Pi - 0.01}] I get an error such as this: Coordinate {0.01 - Cos[$CellContext`x] (1 + Cos[$CellContext`x]^2)^Rational[-1, 2], 0.009999833334166664 + (1 + Cos[$CellContext`x]^2)^Rational[-1, 2]} should be a pair of numbers, or a Scaled or Offset form. And this gives a similar error. DynamicModule[{r, unitT, unitN, sys}, r[x_] = {x, Sin[x]}; sys = FrenetSerretSystem[r[x], x]; unitT[x_] = sys[[2, 1]]; unitN[x_] = sys[[2, 2]]; Manipulate[ ParametricPlot[r[x], {x, 0, 2 Pi}, Epilog -> { Orange, Thick, Arrow[{r[tt], r[tt] + unitN[tt]}], Red, PointSize[Large], Point[r[tt]] }, PlotRange -> {{0, 2 Pi}, {-4, 4}}], {tt, 0.01, 2 Pi - 0.01}]] Once I get this repaired, I am going to see the unit normal vector (calculus definition) pointing in the opposite direction of the unit normal vector (FrenetSerretSystem) from 0 to $\pi$ and I am wondering why. I think it might have something to do with the fact that the calculus books tend to used the curvature, whereas the FrenetSerretSystem uses the signed curvature, but I am still trying to figure out the different directions of the unit normal. Thanks for the help.