The answer is no because of fundamental mathematical limitations which origin in the set theory regarding [countability][1] (see e.g. [Cantor's theorem][2]) - functions over a given set are more numerous than its (power) [cardinality][3]. Neither _Mathematica_ nor any other system can integrate every function in even much more restricted class, namely Riemann integrable [functions][4], all Riemann integrals are equal to Lebesgue integrals if the former are well defined.  The class of functions which could be integrated over a domain in $\mathbb{R}^n$ in _Mathematica_ is of "measure zero" in the class of Lebesgue integrable functions. More precisely we need rather [Baire categories][5] to work with general topological concepts of class of adequate functions.  
While we are to calculate a definite integral we are going to think of `NIntegrate` rather than of `Integrate`.  

Let's try to integrate a simple Lebesgue integrable function defined in $\mathbb{R}$.

    f[x_] /; x ∈ Rationals && 0 <= x <= 1 := 1
    f[x_] /; ! (x ∈ Rationals) && 0 <= x <= 1 := 0

    f[Sqrt[3]/2]
    f[1/2]
>     0
    1

but neither `Integrate` nor `NIntegrate` can calculate adequate integrals:

    Integrate[ f[x], {x, 0, 1}]
    NIntegrate[ f[x], {x, 0, 1}]

although we know it should be `0`.   
Having said that we can always **supplement** built-in **integration rules** with another user-defined ones (see e.g. [Why aren't these additions of integrals and summations equal?](http://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/8353/why-arent-these-additions-of-integrals-and-summations-equal)) to **expand a class** of **symbolically** or **numerically** integrable functions - for this purpose _Mathematica_ is most likely the best tool.  
While we could always remedy various problems algorithmically we shouldn't expect it could be done in full generality (e.g. because of finite number of states of computers) since we expect one should supplement the system builit-in integration rules with **infinitely many** user-defined rules to be able to integrate **every** Lebesgue integrable function.  
Next editions of _Mathematica_ may involve more powerful symbolic capabilities for measure theory and Lebesgue integration problems but we should realize that there will always be some limitations of algoritmic approach to integration in the realm of integrable functions. 

  


  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countable_set
  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%27s_theorem
  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality
  [4]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_integral
  [5]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baire_category_theorem