a = {1, 5, 10, 200, 50, 7};
b = {4, 3, 19, 78};
Mod[
1 + Table[LengthWhile[b, # <= i &], {i, a}],
Length@b + 1
]
{1, 3, 3, 0, 4, 3}
Mr.Wizard
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