As a starting point I'll write up what I found about these functions before.  I'm hoping someone will take a better look at them and will write a more complete answer.

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Spelunking in version 8,

    Internal`AddPeriodical[Print["boo!"], 3]

Now you get a `boo!` every 3 seconds.

    Internal`Periodicals[]

    (* ==> Print["boo!"] *)

Now do

    Internal`RemovePeriodical[Print["boo!"]]

to stop it.

    Internal`Periodicals[]

    (* ==> {} *)

Note that `AddPeriodical` and `RemovePeriodical` have `HoldFirst`.

I don't know what ``Internal`$ThisPeriodical`` is, but I suspect it might have a special value during the execution of a periodical (no time to spelunk more, sorry!)