Given a symbolic expression how to find if starts with a minus or not?

Question

I am using a Mathematica function which returns some error term in symbolic form. I needed a way to determine if this term starts with a minus sign or not. There will be only one term. This is to avoid having to worry about Mathematica auto arranging terms like x-h to become -h+x and hence it is not fair to ask for more than one term solution.

Here are some examples of the expressions, all in input form

negativeTruetests = {(-(71/12))*h^2*Derivative[4][f],
(-1)*h^2*Derivative[10][f],
(-(359/3))*h^2*Derivative[10][f], -2*h, -x*h^-2, -1/h*x }

negativeFalseTests = { h^2*Derivative[4][f] , h^2*Derivative[4][f],
33*h^2*Derivative[4][f], h^-2, 1/h}

I need a pattern to check if the expression starts with minus sign or not.

Answer 1

I will use your test lists alone as reference. If they are incomplete you will need to update the question.

When looking for a pattern for a group of expressions it is helpful to look at their TreeForm:

TreeForm /@ {negativeTruetests (*sic*), negativeFalseTests} // Column

You see that your True expressions always have the head Times with one negative leaf, be it -1, -2 or a Rational that is negative. Your False expressions either have head Times or Power but in the case of Times they do not have a negative leaf. Therefore for these expressions you may use:

p = _. _?Negative;

MatchQ[#, p] & /@ negativeTruetests
MatchQ[#, p] & /@ negativeFalseTests

{True, True, True, True, True, True}

{False, False, False, False, False}

Because of the Optional and OneIdentity⁽¹⁾ this pattern will also handle a negative singlet:

MatchQ[#, p] & /@ {-Pi, 7/22}

{True, False}

---

Format-level pattern matching

Since it was revealed that this question relates to formatting it may be more appropriate to perform the test in that domain.

I will use a recursive pattern as I did for How to match expressions with a repeating pattern after converting to boxes with ToBoxes:

test = MatchQ[#, RowBox[{"-" | _?#0, __}]] & @ ToBoxes @ # &;

test /@ negativeTruetests
test /@ negativeFalseTests

{True, True, True, True, True, True}

{False, False, False, False, False}

Another approach is to convert to a StandardForm string and use StringMatchQ, which is essentially the same as the test above because StandardForm uses encoded Boxes:

test2 = StringMatchQ[ToString[#, StandardForm], ("\!" | "\(") ... ~~ "-" ~~ __] &;

test2 /@ negativeTruetests
test2 /@ negativeFalseTests

{True, True, True, True, True, True}

{False, False, False, False, False}

Answer 2

You can do it the way a human does it: Look for the "-" in the string.

#==1&/@StringCount[ToString/@InputForm/@negativeTruetests,Alternatives["-",Repeated["("]~~"-"]]

{True,True,True}

#==1&/@StringCount[ToString/@InputForm/@negativeFalseTests,Alternatives["-",Repeated["("]~~"-"]]

{False,False,False}

Answer 3

There are probably many creative ways to break this one horribly, but for the test cases it works:

(# /. Thread[Variables[#] -> 1]) < 0 & /@ negativeTruetests

(* {True, True, True, True, True, True} *)

(# /. Thread[Variables[#] -> 1]) < 0 & /@ negativeFalseTests

(* {False, False, False, False, False} *)

Answer 4

All of your examples are of the form Times[...], which case you can do this (on the original examples):

MemberQ[#, _?Negative] & /@ Flatten[{negativeFalseTests, negativeTruetests}]
(* {False, False, False, True, True, True} *)

or this

expr /. {Times[c_?NumericQ, ___] :> c < 0, _Times :> False}

but not this

MemberQ[#, _?Negative] & /@ {h^-2}
(* {True} *)

---

Edit

Here's a modification of the second method that works on powers, now with the updated examples:

# /. {Times[c_?NumericQ, ___] :> c < 0, _ :> False} & /@ 
   Flatten[{negativeFalseTests, negativeTruetests}]
(* {False, False, False, False, False, True, True, True, True, True, True} *)

Answer 5

This function

 checkMinus[expr_] := 
 Select[expr /. Head[expr] -> List, # < 0 &] // Length

applied to your terms returns 1, if there is a minus in the expression with the structure you indicated, and 0 in the opposite case.

checkMinus[-((h^12 m'[0])/24)]

(* 1  *)

checkMinus[(h^4 m'[0])/12]

(* 0 *)

Answer 6

How about looking at the displayed boxes? Specifically, look for the first RowBox containing a string as its first element (as opposed to another box), and check to see if that string is a minus sign:

SetAttributes[isMinus, {HoldFirst}];
isMinus[expr_] := Cases[MakeBoxes[expr], RowBox[{s_String, ___}] :> s, {0, -1}, 1] == {"-"}

isMinus /@ negativeTruetests
(* {True, True, True} *)

isMinus /@ negativeFalseTests
(* {False, False, False} *)

isMinus doesn't evaluate its argument, so for example:

isMinus[h^2*Derivative[4][f] - 2 h]
(* False *)

The first term has no minus sign so the result is false. However, if Mathematica is allowed to evalute the argument it will rearrange the expression to put -2h at the beginning, so:

isMinus[Evaluate[h^2*Derivative[4][f] - 2 h]]
(* True *)

Answer 7

You can make use of the undocumented, internal function Internal`SyntacticNegativeQ for this purpose (see this answer):

Internal`SyntacticNegativeQ /@ negativeTruetests

{True, True, True, True, True, True}

Internal`SyntacticNegativeQ /@ negativeFalseTests

{False, False, False, False, False}

Answer 8

  dummy = (1.0/1.0);
  Negative[Extract[dummy*(#), 1]] & /@ negativeTruetests
   (* {True, True, True} *)

  Negative[Extract[dummy*(#), 1]] & /@ negativeFalseTests
   {False, False, False}