How to export large graphics?

Question

I'm using Raster to create large graphics (1000 by 1666), which I want to Export as a JPEG or TIFF in a resolution that can be printed in a large size, 3' by 5'. I'm lost in the maze of options available, and my exported files are always at very low resolution.

Answer 1

First, some clarifications:

• pure image size: pixels × pixels

• Mathematica ImageSize: the distance x distance of the image, defined as a multiple of 1/72'', which is approximately 0.353 mm (1/72'' is called a printer's point)

• printing size: distance × distance on the printing media

• printer resolution (dpi): depends on printer characteristics; it's the number of small drops it can place in a linear inch; nowadays, above 1000 dpi; generally, due to the mechanical characteristics of the printer, it can put more points in a "horizontal" line than in a vertical line; some printers allow this value to be changed for ink economy.

• image resolution printing output (dpi): the amount of pixels defined on the image that will be placed in a 1 inch row or column, on the sheet of paper

• Mathematica ImageResolution: a way to specify how many pixels to generate on the exported file, etc.

So, let's suppose you have a 1000 × 1000 pixels image file. What is the resolution of your image? If it is not shown, neither on the screen, nor on paper, it has no resolution (sure your image software can register in a file a specific value for the resolution, but this value has absolutely no impact on your image, see it as something like the date on a digital photograph.)

(I'm sure someone from the "printing" business would not agree with some of the words I used, but let's use this as my personal practical definition)

If you print that 1000 × 1000 pixels image on a 4" × 4" size paper, it will have a image resolution printing output of 1000/4"= 250 dpi. If you printed with a printer resolution of 2500 × 2500 dpi, then your printer placed 10 × 10 drops of ink to render each pixel of your digital image (this also allows for a correct color rendering from just 3 or 5 different ink recipients).

If you display the same 1000 × 1000 image on your screen, with a 100 % zoom (where each pixel of the image occupies exactly one pixel on your screen), most likely, your image will measure 1000/72" (if you use a ruler), since most screens have a resolution of 72 dpi (recent laptops may have substantially higher resolution).

So, another important question is: What should be my image resolution printing output?

When printing, you should have an image resolution printing output adapted to the distance at which the image will be seen. It is common to say that someone with a 20/20 sight is able to distinguish 0.3 to 0.4 arc minutes at maximum. Considering the value 0.3, we could say that, for the printing to be perfect, the image resolution printing output, in dpi, should be (360/(0.3/60))/(2 d*Pi), where d stands for the distance of viewing (in inches).

Nevertheless, I'll add here my personal experience on printed results (where, for obvious reasons, things aren't so perfect as on perfectly geometrical displays): below 150 dpi, you will start to easily see the pixels on your printed support; above 300 dpi, only with very precise printers, and looking closely, will you see a difference to the same image at 300 dpi. Out of curiosity, these practical limits correspond on a perfect vision to a distance between 1 to 2 meters.

For your example, a 3' × 5' print, I think that 200 dpi image resolution printing output is more than enough, since it is probably a print that will be observed from a certain distance. Everyone farther than 1,5 m will be beyond physical capability to distinguish pixels; and I would add that up to 1/4th of this distance, the image will still be perfectly acceptable (after-all, we have been living pretty happy with 72/96 dpi displays up to not so long ago...)

This means you would need 3 × 12 × 200 by 5 × 12 × 200 = 7200 × 12000 pixels on your file.

How to generate this on Mathematica?

There are a lot of different ways. I will show you a couple of examples.

The following creates an image of 100 "printer points" (horizontal), meaning 100*1/72'', which corresponds to approximately 36 mm.

a = Plot[x^2, {x, 0, 1}, ImageSize -> 100]

Unfortunately, what that means is a little hard to understand, since the size that image will occupy on your screen is probably not 36 mm. It depends on the Magnification, the difference between your screen true resolution and what Mathematica reads of it (not always match), etc. Nevertheless, if you activate the ruler (Windows->Show Rules), you will see that it matches. So, think of it more like a meta information...

The following exports the previously generated image with the default value of ImageResolution, which is 72 dpi. This means that you jpg file will have (100*1/72'')*72 dpi = 100 horizontal pixels.

Export["a.jpg", a]

The following exports a 200 horizontal pixel size image (it changes your original option, defined on the Plot)

Export["a.jpg", a, ImageSize->200]

And with the following you specify the ImageResolution for the Export function. This is probably what you are looking for.

Export["a.jpg", a, ImageResolution->200]

So, I recommend that you play around with ImageSize, to get a good looking image on your screen (the texts on the correct size, etc), and then Export it specifying the ImageResolution to get the 7200 × 12000 pixels file.

(See JPEG specifications to get it into a reasonable file size.)

Answer 2

The reason for loosing quality is the behavour of default option ImageSize -> Automatic in Graphics[]. The Automatic value of this option makes all large graphic objects to be 360 pixels width. Under "More information" field on the help page for Graphics one can read: "Graphics[] gives an empty graphic with the default image size." We can find that the "default image size" is 360 pixels width:

In[1] := Graphics[] // ImageDimensions
Out[1] = {360, 359}

For example, let us try to generate a 500x500 texture:

imagescale = {Automatic, 500, 128};
texture = LineIntegralConvolutionPlot[{{Cos[x^2 + y^3], Cos[y^2 + x^3]}, imagescale}, {x, -3, 3}, {y, -3, 3}, ColorFunction -> "Rainbow", Frame -> False, LightingAngle -> 0, Method -> {"ShrinkWrap" -> True}]

The generated texture must be 500 pixels width but is automatically converted to 360 pixels width with loosing quality:

texture // ImageDimensions
(* => {360, 361} *)

I say "loosing quality" because we can not get all the points those are computed by LineIntegralConvolutionPlot[] by resizing the image, Magnification, Export[] etc. Thus I think that in this case Mathematica is doing somethink that may be called "fraud". All of the lost points are still kept in the InputForm of generated Graphics[] but any converting operation on this results in loosing all additional information needed for recovering of the missing data. One way to correct this behavour is to specify the precise ImageSize:

fix4Graphics = Append[#, ImageSize -> Reverse[Take[Dimensions[Part[#, Sequence @@ Position[#, _Raster][[1]], 1]], 2]]] &;
fix4Graphics@texture // ImageDimensions
(* => {500, 500} *)

I think that this behavour should be default for ImageSize.

Another way is to convert the Raster to Image[]:

Raster2Image = 
  Image[Reverse@Part[#, Sequence @@ Position[#, _Raster][[1]], 1], 
    ColorSpace -> "RGB"] &;
Raster2Image@texture // ImageDimensions
Raster2Image@texture
(* => {500, 500} *)

Resizing of the notebook results in resizing of the generated image without loosing quality.

The resulting texture is exported to PNG without quality loss:

Export["texture.png", Raster2Image@texture]

P.S. Thanks Stoney Ballard for his reviews:

Exporting Pixel-Perfect Graphics in Mathematica

Pixel-perfect Graphics, Revisited

Jens-Peer Kuska's solution for Mathematica 5: "Exporting a bitmap in native resolution."

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EDIT

I found simpler way to fix Raster. According to the Documentation page for Raster, "Image[Raster[...]] converts a Raster object to an image." Keeping this in mind, the simpler fix is:

First@Cases[texture, i_Raster :> Image[i], Infinity]

It is interesting to note that original array of pixels in Raster contains values outside of the allowed range {0, 1}:

Cases[texture, 
 Raster[array_, rect_, range_, opts___] :> {Max[array], range, 
   opts}, Infinity]

{{1.19846, {0, 1}, ColorFunction -> RGBColor}}

These values are clipped when Image is applied and outputs of the new fix and previous are not identical for this reason.

Answer 3

The function for exporting data is Export in Mathematica, and there should be no problem regardless of image size. I suggest you read the help page, since it is quite a flexible function.

On a side note,

I want to Export as a JPEG or TIFF in a resolution that can be printed in a large size, 3' by 5'

That's not for Export to decide. A pixel is an atomic unit, it does not have a real world size. You can print any picture at any size you want. When you've already got the size of the digital image as in your case, $1000\times1666$, all you can do is export it as it is and let the printing software do the rest (as in decide what paper size to fill with it).

(When software like Photoshop offers you to work in meters, you always have to specify the resolution/dpi somewhere, so that internally, the program can work with pixels again, only pretending to know cm in the frontend.)