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I am trying to solve the equation

$$ \frac{d^2u}{dt^2}-\frac{d^2}{dx^2}\left(c_s^2u+\nu\frac{du}{dt}\right)=0 $$

with initial conditions

$$u(x, 0)=0$$

$$\frac{du}{dt}|_{t=0}=0$$

and boundary conditions

$$ {\frac{du}{dx}}|_{x=0,1}=a\sin{(\omega_d t)}-b\cos{(\omega_d t)}$$

My attempts so far are

ClearAll[u, x, t, a, b, c, w, n];

c = 1;
n = 1;
a = 1;
b = 1;
w = 1;

pde = D[u[t, x], t, t] - c*D[u[t, x], x, x] - n*D[u[t, x], x, x, t] == 0;
ics = {u[0,x]==0};
bcs = 
  {(D[u[t,x],x] /. x->0) == a*Sin[w*t]-b*Cos[w*t], 
   (D[u[t,x],x] /. x->1) == a*Sin[w*t]-b*Cos[w*t]};

sol = NDSolveValue[{pde, ics, bcs}, u, {x, 0, 1},{t, 0, 10}]

but I am receiving multiple error messages. Among them:

NDSolveValue::fembdnl: The dependent variable in (u^(0,1))[t,0]==-Cos[t]+Sin[t] in the boundary condition DirichletCondition[(u^(0,1))[t,0]==-Cos[t]+Sin[t],x==0.] needs to be linear.

NDSolveValue::fembdnl: The dependent variable in (u^(0,1))[t,0]==-Cos[t]+Sin[t] in the boundary condition DirichletCondition[(u^(0,1))[t,0]==-Cos[t]+Sin[t],x==0.] needs to be linear.

NDSolveValue::femcmsd: The spatial derivative order of the PDE may not exceed two.

How can I solve it?

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  • $\begingroup$ 1. According to your code, The $\rho$s in $\LaTeX$ formula seem to be typos, if so, please correct them, if not, please clarify what's the relationship between $u$ and $\rho$. 2. To find a particular solution, one more initial condition is needed. $\endgroup$
    – xzczd
    Oct 29, 2019 at 12:59
  • $\begingroup$ @xzczd yes,they are typos. Sorry for that, I will correct them. $\endgroup$
    – DrManhattan
    Oct 30, 2019 at 9:48
  • $\begingroup$ With the new added i.c. NDSolve solves the problem without difficulty, ibcinc warning is generated, but it doesn't seem to be a big deal in this case. $\endgroup$
    – xzczd
    Oct 30, 2019 at 10:32
  • $\begingroup$ @xzczd can you provide an example of your working code? Which warning do you get exactly? $\endgroup$
    – DrManhattan
    Oct 30, 2019 at 10:34
  • $\begingroup$ ClearAll[u, x, t, a, b, c, w, n]; c = 1; n = 1; a = 1; b = 1; w = 1; pde = D[u[t, x], t, t] - c*D[u[t, x], x, x] - n*D[u[t, x], x, x, t] == 0; ics = {u[0, x] == 0, D[u[t, x], t] == 0 /. t -> 0}; bcs = {(D[u[t, x], x] /. x -> 0) == a*Sin[w*t] - b*Cos[w*t], (D[u[t, x], x] /. x -> 1) == a*Sin[w*t] - b*Cos[w*t]}; sol = NDSolveValue[{pde, ics, bcs}, u, {x, 0, 1}, {t, 0, 10}]; Plot3D[sol[t, x], {t, 0, 10}, {x, 0, 1}, PlotRange -> All] $\endgroup$
    – xzczd
    Oct 30, 2019 at 10:37

1 Answer 1

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It is necessary to divide the equation into two (second order), add the initial data and boundary conditions. Here is the code without adding boundary conditions

ClearAll[u, x, t, a, b, c, w, n];

c = 1;
n = 1;
a = 1;
b = 1;
w = 1;

pde = {D[u[t, x], t, t] - c*D[u[t, x], x, x] - n*D[v[t, x], t] == 0, 
   v[t, x] == D[u[t, x], x, x]};
ics = {u[0, x] == 0, v[0, x] == 0, Derivative[1, 0][u][0, x] == 0};
bcs = {(D[u[t, x], x] /. x -> 0) == 
    If[t <= 10^-6, 0, 
     a*Sin[w*t] - b*Cos[w*t]], (D[u[t, x], x] /. x -> 1) == 
    If[t <= 10^-6, 0, a*Sin[w*t] - b*Cos[w*t]]};

{U, V} = NDSolveValue[{pde, ics, bcs}, {u, v}, {x, 0, 1}, {t, 0, 10}, 
  Method -> {"IndexReduction" -> Automatic, 
    "EquationSimplification" -> "Residual", 
    "PDEDiscretization" -> {"MethodOfLines", 
      "SpatialDiscretization" -> {"TensorProductGrid", 
        "MinPoints" -> 141, "MaxPoints" -> 141, 
        "DifferenceOrder" -> 2}}}]

DensityPlot[U[t, x], {x, 0, 1}, {t, 0, 10}, 
 ColorFunction -> "Rainbow", PlotLegends -> Automatic, 
 FrameLabel -> Automatic]

Figure 1

We can use boundary conditions twice, then there are no warnings

ClearAll[u, x, t, a, b, c, w, n];

c = 1;
n = 1;
a = 1;
b = 1;
w = 1;
f[t_] := If[t < 10^-6, 0, 1];
pde = {D[v[t, x], t] - c*D[u[t, x], x, x] - n*D[v[t, x], x, x] == 0, 
   v[t, x] == D[u[t, x], t]};
ics = {u[0, x] == 0, v[0, x] == 0};
bcs = {(D[u[t, x], x] /. x -> 0) == (a*Sin[w*t] - b*Cos[w*t]) f[
      t], (D[u[t, x], x] /. x -> 1) == a*Sin[w*t] - b*Cos[w*t] f[t]};
bcs1 = {(D[v[t, x], x] /. x -> 0) == 
    w (a*Cos[w*t] + b*Sin[w*t]) f[t], (D[v[t, x], x] /. x -> 1) == 
    w (a*Cos[w*t] + b*Sin[w*t]) f[t]};

{U, V} = NDSolveValue[{pde, ics, bcs, bcs1}, {u, v}, {x, 0, 1}, {t, 0,
     10}, Method -> {"IndexReduction" -> Automatic, 
     "EquationSimplification" -> "Residual", 
     "PDEDiscretization" -> {"MethodOfLines", 
       "SpatialDiscretization" -> {"TensorProductGrid", 
         "MinPoints" -> 141, "MaxPoints" -> 141, 
         "DifferenceOrder" -> 2}}}];

{DensityPlot[U[t, x], {x, 0, 1}, {t, 0, 10}, 
  ColorFunction -> "Rainbow", PlotLegends -> Automatic, 
  FrameLabel -> Automatic, PlotLabel -> "u"], 
 DensityPlot[V[t, x], {x, 0, 1}, {t, 0, 10}, 
  ColorFunction -> "Rainbow", PlotLegends -> Automatic, 
  FrameLabel -> Automatic, PlotLabel -> "v"]}

Figure 2

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  • $\begingroup$ Thank you for your answe, it is very useful. Though, I have a few doubts on your procedure: why did you add an IF condition in the boundary conditions? Is it needed to add the new initial condition v[0, x] == 0 ? Is there a particular reason why you specified all those options to solve the pde? $\endgroup$
    – DrManhattan
    Oct 27, 2019 at 10:25
  • $\begingroup$ The initial conditions Derivative[1, 0][u][0, x] == 0 and boundary conditions are not matched for t = 0. To harmonize these conditions, we excite the boundary conditions immediately at t>0. $\endgroup$
    – Alex Trounev
    Oct 27, 2019 at 12:10
  • $\begingroup$ If I try to run your code with mathematica 12, I receive the error NDSolveValue::bcart: Warning: an insufficient number of boundary conditions have been specified for the direction of independent variable x. Artificial boundary effects may be present in the solution.. Furthermore, using discontinuous boundary conditions apparently causes the solution to have some artifacts at the time point of the discontinuity. $\endgroup$
    – DrManhattan
    Oct 29, 2019 at 9:05
  • $\begingroup$ @AlessandroZunino You can remove If[], but determine Derivative[1, 0][u][0, x]. Otherwise, we have a warning NDSolveValue::ibcinc: Warning: boundary and initial conditions are inconsistent. $\endgroup$
    – Alex Trounev
    Oct 29, 2019 at 9:28
  • $\begingroup$ If I remove the if[] indeed the error you quote appears, even if Derivative[1, 0][u][0, x]==0 is present. Even if this happens, the solutions is still exactly the same you show. Some other errors appear: NDSolveValue::bcart: Warning: an insufficient number of boundary conditions have been specified for the direction of independent variable x. Artificial boundary effects may be present in the solution. $\endgroup$
    – DrManhattan
    Oct 29, 2019 at 10:25

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