Mapping over entities for properties is less efficient than calling EntityValue
with a list of entities.
Create the country entities.
fsu = Thread[Entity["Country", formerSovietUnion]]

There are several metrics available
EntityValue[fsu, "RailwayGaugeLengths"]
{TotalKilometers->845.,BroadGaugeKilometers->845.}
{TotalKilometers->2122.,BroadGaugeKilometers->2122.}
{TotalKilometers->5538.,BroadGaugeKilometers->5512.,StandardGaugeKilometers->25.}
{TotalKilometers->919.,BroadGaugeKilometers->919.}
{TotalKilometers->1612.,BroadGaugeKilometers->1575.,NarrowGaugeKilometers->37.}
{TotalKilometers->13700.,BroadGaugeKilometers->13700.}
{TotalKilometers->470.,BroadGaugeKilometers->470.}
{TotalKilometers->2298.,BroadGaugeKilometers->2265.,NarrowGaugeKilometers->33.}
{TotalKilometers->1765.,BroadGaugeKilometers->1743.,StandardGaugeKilometers->22.}
{TotalKilometers->1138.,BroadGaugeKilometers->1124.,StandardGaugeKilometers->14.}
{TotalKilometers->87157.,BroadGaugeKilometers->86200.,NarrowGaugeKilometers->957.}
{TotalKilometers->680.,BroadGaugeKilometers->680.}
{TotalKilometers->2980.,BroadGaugeKilometers->2980.}
{TotalKilometers->21655.,BroadGaugeKilometers->21655.}
{TotalKilometers->3645.,BroadGaugeKilometers->3645.}
and although its in the name you can check the units directly.
EntityValue[EntityProperty["Country", "RailwayGaugeLengths"], "Unit"]
Kilometers
You may use Query
to access the values.
Total per country
Query[All, "TotalKilometers"]@res
{845., 2122., 5538., 919., 1612., 13700., 470., 2298., 1765., 1138., 87157., 680., 2980., 21655., 3645.}
Grand Total
Query[Total, "TotalKilometers"]@res
146524.
Other summary functions
Query[{Min, Max, Mean, Median, StandardDeviation}, "TotalKilometers"]@res
{470., 87157., 9768.27, 2122., 22190.}
Including visualisations like BoxWhiskerChart
Query[BoxWhiskerChart[#, "Outliers", BarOrigin -> Left] &, "TotalKilometers"]@res

and so on.
Hope this helps.
CountryData[#, "RailwayGaugeLengths"][[1, -1]] & /@ formerSovietUnion
? $\endgroup$ – kglr Nov 18 '18 at 13:44Values
on the result list. $\endgroup$ – Szabolcs Nov 18 '18 at 13:50