You can post-process RulePlot
output to add text labels:
ClearAll[addLabels]
addLabels[rp_, labels_] := Module[{l = RotateRight@ labels },
Replace[rp, p: {_EdgeForm, {{GrayLevel[x_], Rectangle[a_, b_]}} } :>
{p, If[x < .5, GrayLevel[1], GrayLevel[0]],
Text[First[l = RotateLeft[l]], Mean[{a, b}]]}, ∞] ]
Examples:
bf = BooleanFunction[{True, True, True, False, False, False, False, False}] ;
rp = RulePlot[bf, ImageSize -> 700]

SeedRandom[1];
labels = RandomInteger[10, 8]
{1, 4, 0, 7, 0, 0, 8, 6}
addLabels[rp, labels]

rp2 = RulePlot[CellularAutomaton[{679458, 3}], ImageSize -> 600]
SeedRandom[1]
labels2 = RandomInteger[10, 27]
{1, 4, 0, 7, 0, 0, 8, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 10, 1, 6, 0, 2, 6, 4, 5, 4}
addLabels[rp2, labels2]
