You don't know the graphics size? Well set it then at the size you want it to be using ImageSize
:
imageSize = 200;
headSize = 30;
Graphics[{Arrowheads[headSize/imageSize], Arrow[{{0, 0}, {2, 1}}]},
ImageSize -> imageSize]
imageSize = 200;
headSize = 200;
Graphics[{Arrowheads[headSize/imageSize], Arrow[{{0, 0}, {1, 0}}]},
ImageSize -> imageSize,Background->LightYellow]