I export graphics like this:
mcm = 72/2.54;
Export["file.pdf", Show[graphics, ImageSize -> 10 cm]]
For some reason Show
is required when exporting to PDF, i.e. you can't just use the ImageSize
option directly in Export
and still get the expected result.
Regarding display on the screen, ImageSize
is interpreted as pixels for on-screen display and as PostScript points (1/72 inch) for exporting to printable formats such as PDF. In other words, Mathematica always assumes the display to be a 72 ppi one.