Using Association
and Merge
islis = {{"ab", 2, "c", 3}, {"d", 3, "e", 4}, {"ac", 5, "f", 6}, {"c", 7,
"d", 8}, {"ad", 9, "c", 10}};
"a" /. Merge[Association[StringTake[#[[1]], 1] -> #] & /@ lis,
Identity]
gives:
{{"ab", 2, "c", 3}, {"ac", 5, "f", 6}, {"ad", 9, "c", 10}}