Here is a code that works for subscript numerals, even if they represent a multi-digit number. You can modify the code to include also other subscript characters.
subscriptNumerals = CharacterRange["₁"CharacterRange["₀", "₉"];
convertSubscripts[str_String] := ToExpression[str] /.
(sym_Symbol /; StringContainsQ[SymbolName[sym], subscriptNumerals]) :>
First@StringReplace[SymbolName[sym], (x : Except[subscriptNumerals]) ~~
(i : subscriptNumerals ..) :>
Subscript[x, FromDigits[(First@*ToCharacterCode /@ Characters[i]) - 8320]]]
convertSubscripts["α₂ + t β₁₄ z + 3γ₁₇₈"]
(* Subscript["α", 2] + t z Subscript["β", 14] + 3 Subscript["γ", 178] *)