Try ( Thanks @SjoerdSmit helpful comment )
FunctionDomain[cond=FunctionDomain[{f[x], g[x] >= 0 }, x, Reals] //FullSimplify
(*1 + 6 x^2 + x^4 + (-1 + x^2)^2 Cos[2 \[Pi] x] != 0 &&
4 x^2 + (-1 + x^2)^2 Cos[2 \[Pi] x] >= (1 + x^2)^2 Cos[2 (3 + \[Pi]) x]*)
This condition gives (Thanks @user64494 )
Reduce[N[1 + 6 x^2 + x^4 + (-1 + x^2)^2 Cos[2 \[Pi] x] != 0 && 4 x^2 +(-1 + x^2)^2 Cos[2 \[Pi] x] >= (1 + x^2)^2 Cos[ 2 (3 + \[Pi]) x]] && x>= 0 && x <= 10, x, Reals]
(*0 <= x <= 0.386763 || 0.590121 <= x <= 1.02279 ||
1.02333 <= x <= 1.47324 || 1.60461 <= x <= 2.03514 ||
2.06742 <= x <= 2.43253 || 2.67214 <= x <= 3.049 ||
3.11778 <= x <= 3.42438 || 3.70494 <= x <= 4.06349 || ...<= x <= 10.*)
visualization:
Plot[1, {x, 0, 10},
RegionFunction ->Function[{x},1 + 6 x^2 + x^4 + (-1 + x^2)^2 Cos[2 \[Pi] x] != 0 &&4 x^2 + (-1 + x^2)^2 Cos[2 \[Pi] x] >= (1 + x^2)^2 Cos[2 (3 + \[Pi]) x]]]