MapIndexed[#2[[1]] - 1 &, #, {2}] &@
BinLists[#, {Flatten[{0, Quantile[#, quantiles], 1.1 Max@#}]}] & @ Range[100]
{{10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90},
{101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, 181, 191},
{202, 212, 222, 232, 242, 252, 262, 272, 282, 292},
{303, 313, 323, 333, 343, 353, 363, 373, 383, 393},
{404, 414, 424, 434, 444, 454, 464, 474, 484, 494},
{505, 515, 525, 535, 545, 555, 565, 575, 585, 595},
{606, 616, 626, 636, 646, 656, 666, 676, 686, 696},
{707, 717, 727, 737, 747, 757, 767, 777, 787, 797},
{808, 818, 828, 838, 848, 858, 868, 878, 888, 898},
{909, 919, 929, 939, 949, 959, 969, 979, 989, 999, 1009}}