Antialiasing -> False
will do it, which surprisingly can be used in-line as a directive:
Graphics[{Antialiasing -> False, Polygon[{{0, 0}, {1, 0}, {0, 1}}],
Polygon[{{1, 0}, {0, 1}, {1, 1}}]}]
Because the multiple-polygon form of Polygon
(presently?) renders without antialiasing by default this also works:
Graphics[{Polygon[{{{0, 0}, {1, 0}, {0, 1}}, {{1, 0}, {0, 1}, {1, 1}}}]}]
Reference: