What is the difference between Set and SetDelayed?

Question

I have a problem with defining a function and most of time I get confused by Set or = and SetDelayed or :=. I read the help section but I didn't find out what the difference is between defining a function as y[x_] := ... and y[x_] = ...

Answer 1

References and intro

First, let me point out that = is shorthand for Set and := for SetDelayed; this facilitates searching the docs. Also, as Simon Woods points out in a comment to the question, there is a tutorial on this.

Explanation

The basic distinction is this: y[x_]=expr means evaluate expr, then whenever you see y[something] evaluate evaluate what resulted. On the other hand, y[x_]:=expr means "whenever you see y[something], evaluate expr anew".

Here's how to see it:

a = 5;
y[x_] = a*x

y[3]
a = 10
y[3]
(*
15
10
15
*)

That is, when you define y, it evaluates the right hand side to 5*x and assigns that; if you change a later, it never sees it. On the other hand,

a = 5;
f[x_] := a*x

f[3]
a = 10
f[3]
(*
15
10
30
*)

Compare also:

?? y

So, the value of a at the time of definition has been "baked in", while with SetDelayed, we get

??f

that is, the value of a at execution time is what will be used.

Pitfalls

Here is an example where using SetDelayed results in a calculation being unnecessarily performed multiple times:

fsd[x_] := Integrate[z, {z, 0, x}]
gs[x_] = Integrate[z, {z, 0, x}];

If I try with a number, they give the same answer. But look at the DownValues:

??fsd

??gs

So, in gs, the integration has already been done, while in fsd it is performed anew every time fsd is evaluted. Observe:

t1 = Table[fsd[x], {x, 0, 1, .05}]; // AbsoluteTiming
t2 = Table[gs[x], {x, 0, 1, .05}]; // AbsoluteTiming
(*
{0.061729, Null}
{0.000061, Null}
*)

and t1 == t2 evaluates to True. The reason for the timing differences is precisely that the symbolic integration is done every time for one, only once for the other.

Another possible pitfall is using an already-defined symbold for the right hand side. For instance, consider the difference between these:

ClearAll[f, g];
x = 5;
f[x_] := Sin[x];
g[x_] = Sin[x];

f[1]
g[1]
(*
Sin[1]
Sin[5]
*)

A simple way to avoid this is to simply use a formal symbol:

h[\[FormalX]_] = Sin[\[FormalX]]

which looks like this in the FrontEnd:

Memoization

As a final note, one may combine Set and SetDelayed to implement memoization. Here is how to calculate a Fibonacci number recursively, with

ClearAll[fib];
fib[1] = 1;
fib[2] = 1;
fib[n_Integer] := fib[n] = fib[n - 1] + fib[n - 2]

and without

ClearAll[fibnaive];
fibnaive[1] = 1;
fibnaive[2] = 1;
fibnaive[n_Integer] := fibnaive[n - 1] + fibnaive[n - 2]

memoization. The idea behind this is explained, for instance, here or here. You can also find some elaborations here.

Answer 2

Another quick example:

I have a function:

f[x1_,x2_]:= x1+x1*x2

and I want to find it's derivative according to x2 at specific locations of x1 and x2.

m[x1_,x2_] = D[f[x1,x2],x2]

1. If you use use ":" before the "=", (Set Delay), it evaluates the function when it is needed, hence it will evaluate the function only when values for x1 and x2 are given.

2. The function definition without ":" before the "=" (Set) evaluates the function before it is used and the output is assigned to m[x1_,x2_], so if you input values in m[x1_,x2_] they are put into the already-differentiated equation.

If now, you would decide to put a ":" in front of the "=" for m[x1_,m2_],it will not work, since one cannot differentiate a function with respect to a numerical value (5 for example).